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张量

• 运算与操作

1. 加减乘除
   pytorch中tensor运算逐元素进行，或者一一对应计算

2. 常用操作
   典型维度为N X C X H X W，N为图像张数，C为图像通道数，HW为图高宽。

• sum()
  一般，指定维度，且keepdim=True该维度上元素相加，长度变为1。
• 升降维度
  unsqueeze() 扩充维度

    image = PIL.Image.open('lena.jpg').convert('RGB')transform = torchvision.tranforms.Compose([torchvision.transforms.ToTensor()])img = transform(image)img = img.unsqueeze(0)

sequeeze()将长度为1的维度抹除，数据不会减少。

• 将输入（图像）转换为张量，torchvision.transforms.ToTensor()

class ToTensor:"""Convert a ``PIL Image`` or ``numpy.ndarray`` to tensor. This transform does not support torchscript.

• tensor转换为cvMat

1. 获得元素
2. 反归一化
3. 变换通道顺序

• 维度展开

    # 除第1维，其他维展开x = torch.flatten(x, 1)

Variable

view()方法
卷积输出N*C*H*W，输入全连接层，需要变形为N*size

torchvision

import torchvision as tv
# 查看网络的结构
features = tv.models.alexnet().features
# 在dim=1上求和，第1维度压缩为1
torch.sum(in_feat**2,dim=1,keepdim=True)

torch.nn

1. Module
   用于构建神经网络模型的基类，有方法
   register_buffer，register_parameter，声明常量与模型参数。
2. ModuleList
3. train()与eval()
4. ConvTranspose2d 图像反卷积，可实现上采样，如ConvTranspose2d(256, 128, 3, 2, 1, 1), 输入输出通道分别为256\128，反卷积核大小为3，反卷积的stride为2，即图像大小变为2倍，输出尺寸公式是卷积公式的逆运算；与卷积参数一致，形式即正逆。

$$H_{out}=(H_{in}-1)\times \text{stride}[0]-2\times \text{padding}[0]+\text{dilation}[0]\times (\text{kernel\_size}[0]-1)+\text{output\_padding}[0]+1$$

1. 模型参数

    for key in list(para_task.keys()):para_task[key.replace('module.', '')] = para_task.pop(key)

数据集的输入与处理

对图像预处理：https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/transforms.html
transforms.Compose()设置图像预处理模式组合，例如

train_transforms = transforms.Compose(# [transforms.RandomCrop(args.patch_size), transforms.ToTensor()]# [transforms.ToTensor(),]# 图像中心裁剪边长为256像素[transforms.CenterCrop(256), transforms.ToTensor(),])

from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
# 含义为把PIL图像转换为tensor格式，
train_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='data/',train=True,transform=transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),]),download=True)
test_dataset = datasets.MNIST(root='data/',train=False,transform=transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),]),download=True)
train_loader = DataLoader(dataset=train_dataset, batch_size=100, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset, batch_size=100, shuffle=True)

神经网络模型的构建与训练

import torch
import torchvision
from torch.autograd import Variable# 构建网络
class Model(torch.nn.Module):def __init__(self):super(Model, self).__init__()self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(torch.nn.Conv2d(1, 64, 3, 1, 1),torch.nn.ReLU(),torch.nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 3, 1, 1),torch.nn.ReLU(),torch.nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),)self.dense = torch.nn.Sequential(torch.nn.Linear(14 * 14 * 128, 1024),torch.nn.ReLU(),torch.nn.Dropout(p=0.5),torch.nn.Linear(1024, 10),)def forward(self, x):x = self.conv(x)x = x.view(-1, 14 * 14 * 128)x = self.dense(x)return x
# device
device = torch.device("cuda")
# 声明待训练的模型和优化方法
model = Model().to(device)
cost = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters())
# N epoch 训练
for epoch in range(epochs):sum_loss = 0.0train_correct = 0for data in train_loader:inputs, labels = datainputs, labels = Variable(inputs).cuda(), Variable(labels).cuda()optimizer.zero_grad()outputs = model(inputs)loss = cost(outputs, labels)loss.backward()optimizer.step()

通过pytorch.nn.module、torchvision构建的网络模型是否训练

if requires_grad: #需要训练时，设为真for para in <torch.nn.module 对象>.parameters():para.requires_grad = True

torch.nn.module的子类对象，如下可添加网络层数

nn.layers = nn.ModuleList()

然后把网络模型参数作为训练的优化参数

class Trainer:def __init__(self):self.parameters = list(<net>.parameters())self.lr = 1e-3self.optimizer_net = torch.optim.Adam(self.parameters,lr = self.lr)

池化

# power-2 pool of square window of size=3, stride=2
nn.LPPool2d(2, 3, stride=2)class L2pooling(nn.Module):def __init__(self, filter_size=5, stride=2, channels=None, pad_off=0):super(L2pooling, self).__init__()self.padding = (filter_size - 2) // 2self.stride = strideself.channels = channelsa = np.hanning(filter_size)[1:-1]g = torch.Tensor(a[:, None] * a[None, :])g = g / torch.sum(g)# pdb.set_trace()self.register_buffer("filter", g[None, None, :, :].repeat((self.channels, 1, 1, 1)))def forward(self, input):input = input ** 2out = F.conv2d(input,self.filter,stride=self.stride,padding=self.padding,groups=input.shape[1],)return (out + 1e-12).sqrt()

错误

1. 分类标签有9类，在构建数据集的标签时写为1~9，运行时错误，将标签-1解错。
2. 使用list错误，pytorch无法构造tensor。
   TypeError: Variable data has to be a tensor, but got list
   label = np.zeros(10, dtype=np.float32)
3. numpy中float是双精度，pytorch变量均为单精度。
4. pytorch transform必须放在Dataset对象，且库为

torchvision.transforms.Compose([torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),  torchvision.transforms.RandomCrop((506, 606))])

5. File “/home/zpk/CompressAI/iqa_models.py”, line 220, in forward
   dist_s += (self.alpha0 * self.structure(mu0a, mu0b)
   RuntimeError: Expected all tensors to be on the same device, but found at least two devices, cuda:0 and cpu!
   程序参数 忘记加–cuda，导致训练数据是在cpu上。

6. RuntimeError: grad can be implicitly created only for scalar outputs
   模型输出取mean()。

COCO数据集训练

使用fiftyone库实现训练。

fiftyone下载数据集在/home//fiftyone，

fiftyone/coco-2017
├── info.json
├── raw
│   ├── captions_train2017.json
│   ├── captions_val2017.json
│   ├── instances_train2017.json
│   ├── instances_val2017.json
│   ├── person_keypoints_train2017.json
│   └── person_keypoints_val2017.json
├── train
│   ├── data -> /home/zpk/Data/coco_real/train2017
│   └── labels.json
└── validation├── data -> /home/zpk/Data/coco_real/val2017└── labels.json

import fiftyone as fo
import fiftyone.zoo as foz
from fiftyone import ViewField as F
class FiftyOneTorchDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):"""A class to construct a PyTorch dataset from a FiftyOne dataset.Args:fiftyone_dataset: a FiftyOne dataset or view that will be used for training or testingtransforms (None): a list of PyTorch transforms to apply to images and targets when loadinggt_field ("ground_truth"): the name of the field in fiftyone_dataset that contains the desired labels to loadclasses (None): a list of class strings that are used to define the mapping betweenclass names and indices. If None, it will use all classes present in the given fiftyone_dataset."""def __init__(self,fiftyone_dataset,transforms=None,gt_field="ground_truth",classes=None,):self.samples = fiftyone_datasetself.transforms = transformsself.gt_field = gt_fieldself.img_paths = self.samples.values("filepath")self.classes = classesif not self.classes:# Get list of distinct labels that exist in the viewself.classes = self.samples.distinct("%s.detections.label" % gt_field)if self.classes[0] != "background":self.classes = ["background"] + self.classesself.labels_map_rev = {c: i for i, c in enumerate(self.classes)}def __getitem__(self, idx):img_path = self.img_paths[idx]sample = self.samples[img_path]metadata = sample.metadataimg = Image.open(img_path).convert("RGB")boxes = []labels = []area = []iscrowd = []detections = sample[self.gt_field].detectionsfor det in detections:category_id = self.labels_map_rev[det.label]coco_obj = fouc.COCOObject.from_label(det, metadata, category_id=category_id,)x, y, w, h = coco_obj.bboxboxes.append([x, y, x + w, y + h])labels.append(coco_obj.category_id)area.append(coco_obj.area)iscrowd.append(coco_obj.iscrowd)target = {}target["boxes"] = torch.as_tensor(boxes, dtype=torch.float32)target["labels"] = torch.as_tensor(labels, dtype=torch.int64)target["image_id"] = torch.as_tensor([idx])target["area"] = torch.as_tensor(area, dtype=torch.float32)target["iscrowd"] = torch.as_tensor(iscrowd, dtype=torch.int64)if self.transforms is not None:img, target = self.transforms(img, target)return img, targetdef __len__(self):return len(self.img_paths)def get_classes(self):return self.classes
fo_dataset = foz.load_zoo_dataset("coco-2017", split = "train")
dataset_dir = "/path/to/coco-2017"
# The type of the dataset being imported
dataset_type = fo.types.COCODetectionDataset  # for example
dataset = fo.Dataset.from_dir(dataset_dir=dataset_dir,dataset_type=dataset_type,name=name,
)
valid_view = fo_dataset.match(F("ground_truth.detections").length() > 1)
torch_dataset = FiftyOneTorchDataset(valid_view)